Discovery, development and preclinical testing of novel markers (that may be derived from patient samples) and technologies for use in detection, diagnosis, prediction, prognosis and monitoring including:

• biological and psychological markers
• diagnostic and monitoring devices, imaging, scanning, predictive and diagnostic tests
• development and characterisation of models
• diagnostic measures and methodologies

Testing and evaluation of markers and technologies in humans for use in detection, diagnosis, prediction, prognosis and monitoring in clinical, community or applied settings including:

• assessment of sensitivity, efficacy, specificity, predictive and prognostic value, reproducibility and safety
• medical devices, imaging, diagnostic and predictive tests
• evaluation of diagnostic models, methods and methodologies in clinical or applied settings

Studies investigating impact of screening and factors affecting uptake including:

• attitudes and beliefs including cultural and religious practices
• issues relating to gender, age and ethnicity
• genetic counselling and decision making
• psychological, social and economic factors
• development, implementation and evaluation of interventions to promote screening including policy, education and communication

Studies investigating population screening programmes including:

• feasibility studies, pilot studies and trials
• evaluation of effectiveness, benefits and economic evaluation
• impact on health services and policy issues
• models of population surveillance

Development and/or distribution of resources for use by the research community including:

• equipment, cell lines, tissue and DNA banks, and informatics systems
• infrastructure support for research trials, networks, consortia and centres

Development, implementation and evaluation of interventions to modify personal or group behaviours and lifestyles affecting health and well-being including:

• risk behaviours associated with diet, tobacco use, physical activity, alcohol consumption, sexual health and substance misuse
• age, gender, cultural or religious practices
• public health policy, health communication and educational interventions
• behavioural, psychological, social and physical interventions

Development, implementation and evaluation of interventions surrounding physical, biological and environmental risk factors including:

• radiation, second-hand smoke, physical and chemical agents, occupational hazards and environmental surroundings
• contraceptive devices
• infectious agents
• policy, educational and physical interventions

Research on chemopreventative agents and health protective effects of nutrients including:

• development, characterisation and mechanism of action
• chemical contraceptives
• testing and evaluation in model systems and clinical, applied and community settings
• evaluation of evidence to inform policy

Research on vaccines for prevention of disease including:

• discovery, development and testing of vaccines and vaccination in model systems
• mechanism of action
• development, implementation and evaluation of vaccination programmes and studies to increase uptake
• decision making, outcomes from vaccination and evaluation of evidence to inform policy

Development and/or distribution of resources for use by the research community including:

• equipment, cell lines, tissue and DNA banks
• infrastructure to support research trials, networks, consortia and centres

Identification and characterisation of endogenous factors known or suspected to be involved in the cause, risk or development of disease, conditions or ill health including:

• genes and gene products, molecular, cellular and physiological structures and functions
• biological factors linked to ethnicity, age, gender, pregnancy and body weight
• endogenous biological factors or pathways involved in responses to infection or damage by external factors
• metastases, degenerative processes, regeneration and repair
• complications, reoccurrence and secondary conditions
• bioinformatics and structural studies
• development and characterisation of models

Environmental or external factors associated with the cause, risk or development of disease, conditions or ill health including:

• physical agents, occupational hazards, environmental surroundings, radiation and pollution
• chemicals and nutrients
• infection by pathogens and studies of infectious agents

Research into psychological conditions, or research into the cause, risk or development of disease, conditions or ill health associated with social, psychological and economic factors including:

• individual or group behaviours and lifestyle
• cultural or religious beliefs or practices
• ethnicity, age and gender differences
• socioeconomic factors

Observational studies, surveys, registries, and studies that track incidence, prevalence, morbidity, co-morbidity and mortality including ongoing monitoring of large scale cohorts

Development of aetiological and epidemiological research designs, measures and methodologies including:

• methodological innovation and modelling complex epidemiological data
• development and evaluation of novel research designs
• development of epidemiological research measurements including outcome measures
• development of analytical and statistical methods to understand disease cause, susceptibility and risk including genetic linkage and association studies

development and/or distribution of resources for general use by the research community including:

• equipment, cell lines, tissue and DNA banks, and genomic and proteomic sequence resources
• infrastructure to support research networks, consortia and centres

Research that underpins investigations into the cause, development, detection, treatment and management of diseases, conditions and ill health

Identification of determinants that are involved in the cause, risk or development of disease, conditions and ill health

Research aimed at the primary prevention of disease, conditions or ill health, or promotion of well-being

Discovery, development and evaluation of diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers and technologies

Discovery and development of therapeutic interventions and testing in model systems and preclinical settings

Testing and evaluation of therapeutic interventions in clinical, community or applied settings

Research into individual care needs and management of disease, conditions or ill health

Research into the provision and delivery of health and social care services, health policy and studies of research design, measurements and methodologies

Studies of normal biology including:

• genes and gene products
• molecular, cellular and physiological structures and function
• biological pathways and processes including normal immune function
• developmental studies and normal ageing
• bioinformatics and structural studies
• development and characterisation of model systems

Studies that do not address health directly but cover issues that may have a bearing on health and well-being including:

• perception, cognition and learning processes
• social and cultural beliefs
• individual or group characteristics and behaviours
• politics, economies and urban development
• development and characterisation of model systems

Research in chemical and physical sciences that may lead to the future development of diagnostic tools or medical treatments including:

• bioengineering and biophysics
• chemical structures, interactions and properties
• molecular modelling
• material science

Development of novel underpinning research measures and analytical methodologies including:

• development of statistical methods and algorithms for genomic analysis
• development of mapping methodologies and novel data comparison methods
• development of biological, psychological and socioeconomic research measures

Development and/or distribution of resources for use by the research community including:

• equipment, cell lines, DNA banks, and genomic and proteomic sequence resources
• infrastructure to support research networks, consortia and centres